United States Banking began in 1781 with an act of United States CongressBank of North America in Philadelphia. During the American Revolutionary War, the Bank of North America was given a monopoly on currency; prior to this time, private banks printed their own bank notes, backed by deposits of gold and/or silver. that established the
Robert Morris, the first Superintendent of Finance appointed under the Articles of Confederation, proposed the Bank of North America as a commercial bank that would act as fiscal agent for the government. The monopoly was seen as necessary because previous attempts to finance the Revolutionary War with paper currency had failed; after the war, a number of banks were chartered by the states under the Articles of Confederation, including the Bank of New YorkBank of Massachusetts, both of which were chartered in 1784. and the
The Bank of North America was succeeded by the First Bank of the United States, which the United States Congress chartered in 1791 under Article One, Section 8 of the United States Constitution, after the Constitution replaced the Articles of Confederation as the foundation of American government. However, Congress failed to renew the charter for the Bank of the United States, which expired in 1811. Similarly, the Second Bank of the United States was chartered in 1816 and shuttered in 1836.
nedjelja, 26. kolovoza 2007.
Capital requirement
The capital requirement sets a framework on how banks and depository institutions must handle their capital in relation to their assets. Internationally, the Bank for International Settlements's Basel Committee on Banking Supervision influences each country's capital requirements. In 1988, the Committee decided to introduce a capital measurement system commonly referred to as the Basel Capital Accords. The latest capital adequacy framework is commonly known as Basel II. Most developed countries do not adjust the capital adequacy ratios to their yearly inflation rates, therefore eroding their lending capacity, year after year. This has promoted the growth of Junk Bonds, hedge funds and private equity as prime lenders, without the customary lending standards. Banks have redirected their dying business to services, high yield consumer credit, derivatives, closing credit deparments and losing credit inteligence, now restricted to two firms, S&P and Moody´s. Loans are not evaluated in terms of the % Cs of credit, but only on underlying Assets and the credit rating.
In the United States, "depository institutions" are subject to risk-based capital guidelines issued by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (FRB).
In the United States, "depository institutions" are subject to risk-based capital guidelines issued by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (FRB).
United States
Bank regulation in the United States is highly fragmented compared to other G10 countries where most countries have only one bank regulator. In the U.S., banking is regulated at both the federal and state level. Depending on a banking organization's charter-type and organizational structure, it may be subject to numerous federal and state banking regulators. Unlike Japan and the United Kingdom, where regulatory authority over the banking, securities and insurance industries is combined into one single financial services agency, the U.S. maintains separate securities, commodities, and insurance regulatory agencies (which are separate from the bank regulatory agencies) at the federal and state level as well.
lending, and promoting lending to lower-income segments. Even individual cities enact their own financial regulation laws (for example, for The U.S also has one of the most highly regulated banking environments in the world; however, many of the regulations are not safety and soundness related, but are instead focused on privacy, disclosure, fraud prevention, anti-money laundering, anti-terrorism, anti-usuryusury lending)
lending, and promoting lending to lower-income segments. Even individual cities enact their own financial regulation laws (for example, for The U.S also has one of the most highly regulated banking environments in the world; however, many of the regulations are not safety and soundness related, but are instead focused on privacy, disclosure, fraud prevention, anti-money laundering, anti-terrorism, anti-usuryusury lending)
List of banks
List of banks
1 Africa
1.1 Angola
1.2 Benin
1.3 Cape Verde
1.4 Djibouti
1.5 Egypt
1.6 Eritrea
1.6.1 Banks
1.6.2 Defunct banks
1.7 Ethiopia
1.7.1 Central Bank
1.7.2 Banks
1.7.3 Microfinance
1.8 Gabon
1.9 Kenya
1.9.1 Central Bank
1.9.2 Commercial Banks
1.10 Mauritius
1.11 Morocco
1.11.1 Central Bank
1.11.2 Major banks
1.11.3 Foreign-owned banks
1.11.4 Defunct banks
1.12 Namibia
1.13 Nigeria
1.14 Sao Tome e Principe
1.15 Somalia
1.15.1 Defunct banks
1.16 South Africa
1.17 Tanzania
1.18 Uganda
1.18.1 Central Bank
1.18.2 Development Banks
1.18.3 Investment Banks
1.18.4 Commercial Banks
1.18.5 Microfinance Institutions
1.19 Zanzibar
1.19.1 Defunct banks
2 Americas
2.1 Bahamas
2.1.1 Commercial Banks
2.1.2 Defunct Banks
2.2 Barbados
2.2.1 Central Bank
2.2.2 Commercial Banks
2.2.3 Development Banks
2.2.4 Foreign-owned banks
2.3 Belize
2.4 Bermuda
2.5 Brazil
2.5.1 Central Bank
2.5.2 Major banks
2.5.3 Foreign-owned banks
2.5.4 Merged or defunct banks
2.6 Canada
2.6.1 Central Bank
2.6.2 Big Six banks
2.6.3 Other banks
2.6.4 Defunct or merged banks
2.7 Colombia
2.7.1 Commercial Banks
2.8 Dominica
2.8.1 Commercial Banks
2.9 Defunct or merged banks
2.10 Grenada
2.10.1 Commercial Banks
2.11 Mexico
2.11.1 Central Bank
2.11.2 Mexican Banks
2.11.3 Foreign-owned Banks
2.11.4 Development Banks
2.11.5 Defunct Banks
2.12 Panama
2.13 Peru
2.13.1 Central Bank
2.13.2 Commercial Banks
2.13.3 Development Banks
2.13.4 Defunct Banks
2.14 Saint Lucia
2.15 Surinam
2.16 United States of America
3 Asia
3.1 Afghanistan
3.2 Bahrain
3.3 Bangladesh
3.4 Brunei Darussalam
3.5 Cambodia
3.6 China, People's Republic of
3.6.1 Central Bank
3.6.2 Major Banks
3.6.3 Small Banks
3.6.4 Local Banks
3.6.5 Defunct Banks
3.6.6 Institutional Banks
3.6.7 Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
3.6.7.1 Major banks
3.6.7.2 Defunct or merged banks
3.7 India
3.7.1 Central Bank
3.7.2 State Bank of India & 7 Associates
3.7.3 Nationalized Banks
3.7.4 Major Private Banks
3.7.5 Foreign Banks Operating in India
3.7.6 Cooperative Banks
3.7.7 Merged or Defunct Banks in India
3.8 Indonesia
3.9 Iran
3.9.1 Central Bank
3.9.2 Major banks
3.9.3 Private Banks
3.10 Iraq
3.10.1 Central Bank
3.10.2 State owned banks
3.10.3 Private Banks
3.11 Israel
3.11.1 Central Bank
3.11.2 Major banks
3.12 Japan
3.12.1 Central Bank
3.12.2 Major banking groups
3.12.3 Regional banks
3.12.4 Other banks
3.13 Jordan
3.14 Korea, Republic of
3.14.1 Central Bank
3.14.2 Big 4 banks
3.14.3 Major regional banks
3.14.4 Other Banks
3.14.5 Foreign-owned Banks
3.15 Kuwait
3.16 Lebanon
3.17 Maldives
3.18 Malaysia
3.18.1 Commercial Banks
3.19 Nepal
3.19.1 Central Bank
3.19.2 Commercial Banks
3.20 Pakistan
3.21 Philippines
3.21.1 Central Bank
3.21.2 Universal banks
3.21.3 Commercial banks
3.21.4 Thrift banks
3.21.5 Rural banks
3.21.6 Government banks
3.21.7 Islamic banks
3.21.8 Special banks
3.21.9 Microfinance institutions
3.21.10 Foreign banks
3.21.11 Defunct or merged banks
3.22 Qatar
3.23 Russia
3.24 Singapore
3.24.1 Central Bank
3.24.2 Local banks
3.24.3 Qualifying full banks
3.24.4 Merged local banks
3.25 Sri Lanka
3.25.1 Central Bank
3.25.2 Major banks
3.25.3 Foreign banks operating in Sri Lanka
3.26 Syria
3.26.1 Central Bank
3.26.2 Public Banks
3.26.3 Private Banks
3.26.4 Islamic Banks
3.27 Taiwan
3.27.1 Central Bank
3.27.2 Local Banks
3.28 Thailand
3.28.1 Central Bank
3.28.2 Universal Banks
3.28.3 Retail Banks
3.28.4 Specialized Government-Owned Banks
3.28.5 Defunct or merged banks
3.29 Turkey
3.30 United Arab Emirates
3.30.1 Major Commercial banks
3.30.2 Islamic Banks
3.30.3 Defunct or merged banks
3.31 Vietnam
3.31.1 Central Bank
3.31.2 State Banks
3.31.3 Joint Stock Banks
3.31.3.1 Big Banks
3.31.3.2 Small Banks
4 Europe
4.1 Albania
4.1.1 Central Bank
4.1.2 Commercial Banks
4.2 Andorra
4.3 Armenia
4.3.1 Central Bank
4.3.2 Commercial Banks
4.4 Austria
4.5 Belgium
4.6 Bosnia and Herzegovina
4.7 Bulgaria
4.8 Cyprus
4.9 Czech Republic
4.9.1 Central bank
4.9.2 Commercial and Savings banks
4.9.3 Branch offices of foreign banks
4.10 Denmark
4.11 Estonia
4.12 Finland
4.13 France
4.14 Germany
4.15 Gibraltar
4.16 Greece
4.16.1 Central Bank
4.16.2 Major banks
4.16.3 Defunct banks
4.17 Guernsey
4.18 Hungary
4.19 Iceland
4.20 Ireland
4.20.1 Central Bank
4.20.2 The Big Four (Ireland and Northern Ireland)
4.20.3 Republic of Ireland only
4.21 Isle of Man
4.22 Italy
4.22.1 Central Bank
4.22.2 Major banks
4.22.3 Local banks
4.23 Jersey
4.24 Latvia
4.25 Liechtenstein
4.26 Lithuania
4.27 Luxembourg
4.28 Malta
4.29 Monaco
4.30 Montenegro
4.30.1 Central Bank
4.30.2 Commercial Banks
4.31 Netherlands
4.31.1 Central Bank
4.31.2 Major banks
4.31.3 Defunct or merged banks
4.32 Norway
4.32.1 Central Bank
4.32.2 Commercial banks
4.32.3 Public banks
4.32.4 Savings banks
4.33 Poland
4.34 Portugal
4.35 Republic of Macedonia
4.36 Romania
4.36.1 Central Bank
4.36.2 Major banks
4.37 San Marino
4.38 Sealand
4.39 Serbia
4.39.1 Central Bank
4.39.2 Commercial Banks
4.39.3 Defunct banks
4.40 Slovenia
4.41 Slovakia
4.41.1 Central banks
4.41.2 Commercial banks
4.41.3 Branch of foreign banks
4.41.4 Representation of foreign banks
4.42 Spain
4.42.1 Central Bank
4.42.2 Major Banks
4.42.3 Cajas (Savings Banks)
4.43 Sweden
4.44 Switzerland
4.44.1 Defunct or merged banks
4.45 United Kingdom
4.45.1 Central Bank
4.45.2 Major banks
4.45.3 Other banks
4.45.4 Previous building societies converted to banks
4.45.5 Merged or defunct banks
4.45.6 Northern Ireland
4.46 Vatican State
5 Oceania
5.1 Australia
5.1.1 Central Bank
5.1.2 Major Banks
5.1.3 Local Banks
5.1.4 Defunct Banks
5.2 Fiji
5.2.1 Central Bank
5.2.2 Local Banks
5.3 New Zealand
5.3.1 Central Bank
5.3.2 Local Banks
5.3.3 Foreign Banks operating in New Zealand
5.4 Papua New Guinea
5.5 Solomon Islands
6 International institution
1 Africa
1.1 Angola
1.2 Benin
1.3 Cape Verde
1.4 Djibouti
1.5 Egypt
1.6 Eritrea
1.6.1 Banks
1.6.2 Defunct banks
1.7 Ethiopia
1.7.1 Central Bank
1.7.2 Banks
1.7.3 Microfinance
1.8 Gabon
1.9 Kenya
1.9.1 Central Bank
1.9.2 Commercial Banks
1.10 Mauritius
1.11 Morocco
1.11.1 Central Bank
1.11.2 Major banks
1.11.3 Foreign-owned banks
1.11.4 Defunct banks
1.12 Namibia
1.13 Nigeria
1.14 Sao Tome e Principe
1.15 Somalia
1.15.1 Defunct banks
1.16 South Africa
1.17 Tanzania
1.18 Uganda
1.18.1 Central Bank
1.18.2 Development Banks
1.18.3 Investment Banks
1.18.4 Commercial Banks
1.18.5 Microfinance Institutions
1.19 Zanzibar
1.19.1 Defunct banks
2 Americas
2.1 Bahamas
2.1.1 Commercial Banks
2.1.2 Defunct Banks
2.2 Barbados
2.2.1 Central Bank
2.2.2 Commercial Banks
2.2.3 Development Banks
2.2.4 Foreign-owned banks
2.3 Belize
2.4 Bermuda
2.5 Brazil
2.5.1 Central Bank
2.5.2 Major banks
2.5.3 Foreign-owned banks
2.5.4 Merged or defunct banks
2.6 Canada
2.6.1 Central Bank
2.6.2 Big Six banks
2.6.3 Other banks
2.6.4 Defunct or merged banks
2.7 Colombia
2.7.1 Commercial Banks
2.8 Dominica
2.8.1 Commercial Banks
2.9 Defunct or merged banks
2.10 Grenada
2.10.1 Commercial Banks
2.11 Mexico
2.11.1 Central Bank
2.11.2 Mexican Banks
2.11.3 Foreign-owned Banks
2.11.4 Development Banks
2.11.5 Defunct Banks
2.12 Panama
2.13 Peru
2.13.1 Central Bank
2.13.2 Commercial Banks
2.13.3 Development Banks
2.13.4 Defunct Banks
2.14 Saint Lucia
2.15 Surinam
2.16 United States of America
3 Asia
3.1 Afghanistan
3.2 Bahrain
3.3 Bangladesh
3.4 Brunei Darussalam
3.5 Cambodia
3.6 China, People's Republic of
3.6.1 Central Bank
3.6.2 Major Banks
3.6.3 Small Banks
3.6.4 Local Banks
3.6.5 Defunct Banks
3.6.6 Institutional Banks
3.6.7 Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
3.6.7.1 Major banks
3.6.7.2 Defunct or merged banks
3.7 India
3.7.1 Central Bank
3.7.2 State Bank of India & 7 Associates
3.7.3 Nationalized Banks
3.7.4 Major Private Banks
3.7.5 Foreign Banks Operating in India
3.7.6 Cooperative Banks
3.7.7 Merged or Defunct Banks in India
3.8 Indonesia
3.9 Iran
3.9.1 Central Bank
3.9.2 Major banks
3.9.3 Private Banks
3.10 Iraq
3.10.1 Central Bank
3.10.2 State owned banks
3.10.3 Private Banks
3.11 Israel
3.11.1 Central Bank
3.11.2 Major banks
3.12 Japan
3.12.1 Central Bank
3.12.2 Major banking groups
3.12.3 Regional banks
3.12.4 Other banks
3.13 Jordan
3.14 Korea, Republic of
3.14.1 Central Bank
3.14.2 Big 4 banks
3.14.3 Major regional banks
3.14.4 Other Banks
3.14.5 Foreign-owned Banks
3.15 Kuwait
3.16 Lebanon
3.17 Maldives
3.18 Malaysia
3.18.1 Commercial Banks
3.19 Nepal
3.19.1 Central Bank
3.19.2 Commercial Banks
3.20 Pakistan
3.21 Philippines
3.21.1 Central Bank
3.21.2 Universal banks
3.21.3 Commercial banks
3.21.4 Thrift banks
3.21.5 Rural banks
3.21.6 Government banks
3.21.7 Islamic banks
3.21.8 Special banks
3.21.9 Microfinance institutions
3.21.10 Foreign banks
3.21.11 Defunct or merged banks
3.22 Qatar
3.23 Russia
3.24 Singapore
3.24.1 Central Bank
3.24.2 Local banks
3.24.3 Qualifying full banks
3.24.4 Merged local banks
3.25 Sri Lanka
3.25.1 Central Bank
3.25.2 Major banks
3.25.3 Foreign banks operating in Sri Lanka
3.26 Syria
3.26.1 Central Bank
3.26.2 Public Banks
3.26.3 Private Banks
3.26.4 Islamic Banks
3.27 Taiwan
3.27.1 Central Bank
3.27.2 Local Banks
3.28 Thailand
3.28.1 Central Bank
3.28.2 Universal Banks
3.28.3 Retail Banks
3.28.4 Specialized Government-Owned Banks
3.28.5 Defunct or merged banks
3.29 Turkey
3.30 United Arab Emirates
3.30.1 Major Commercial banks
3.30.2 Islamic Banks
3.30.3 Defunct or merged banks
3.31 Vietnam
3.31.1 Central Bank
3.31.2 State Banks
3.31.3 Joint Stock Banks
3.31.3.1 Big Banks
3.31.3.2 Small Banks
4 Europe
4.1 Albania
4.1.1 Central Bank
4.1.2 Commercial Banks
4.2 Andorra
4.3 Armenia
4.3.1 Central Bank
4.3.2 Commercial Banks
4.4 Austria
4.5 Belgium
4.6 Bosnia and Herzegovina
4.7 Bulgaria
4.8 Cyprus
4.9 Czech Republic
4.9.1 Central bank
4.9.2 Commercial and Savings banks
4.9.3 Branch offices of foreign banks
4.10 Denmark
4.11 Estonia
4.12 Finland
4.13 France
4.14 Germany
4.15 Gibraltar
4.16 Greece
4.16.1 Central Bank
4.16.2 Major banks
4.16.3 Defunct banks
4.17 Guernsey
4.18 Hungary
4.19 Iceland
4.20 Ireland
4.20.1 Central Bank
4.20.2 The Big Four (Ireland and Northern Ireland)
4.20.3 Republic of Ireland only
4.21 Isle of Man
4.22 Italy
4.22.1 Central Bank
4.22.2 Major banks
4.22.3 Local banks
4.23 Jersey
4.24 Latvia
4.25 Liechtenstein
4.26 Lithuania
4.27 Luxembourg
4.28 Malta
4.29 Monaco
4.30 Montenegro
4.30.1 Central Bank
4.30.2 Commercial Banks
4.31 Netherlands
4.31.1 Central Bank
4.31.2 Major banks
4.31.3 Defunct or merged banks
4.32 Norway
4.32.1 Central Bank
4.32.2 Commercial banks
4.32.3 Public banks
4.32.4 Savings banks
4.33 Poland
4.34 Portugal
4.35 Republic of Macedonia
4.36 Romania
4.36.1 Central Bank
4.36.2 Major banks
4.37 San Marino
4.38 Sealand
4.39 Serbia
4.39.1 Central Bank
4.39.2 Commercial Banks
4.39.3 Defunct banks
4.40 Slovenia
4.41 Slovakia
4.41.1 Central banks
4.41.2 Commercial banks
4.41.3 Branch of foreign banks
4.41.4 Representation of foreign banks
4.42 Spain
4.42.1 Central Bank
4.42.2 Major Banks
4.42.3 Cajas (Savings Banks)
4.43 Sweden
4.44 Switzerland
4.44.1 Defunct or merged banks
4.45 United Kingdom
4.45.1 Central Bank
4.45.2 Major banks
4.45.3 Other banks
4.45.4 Previous building societies converted to banks
4.45.5 Merged or defunct banks
4.45.6 Northern Ireland
4.46 Vatican State
5 Oceania
5.1 Australia
5.1.1 Central Bank
5.1.2 Major Banks
5.1.3 Local Banks
5.1.4 Defunct Banks
5.2 Fiji
5.2.1 Central Bank
5.2.2 Local Banks
5.3 New Zealand
5.3.1 Central Bank
5.3.2 Local Banks
5.3.3 Foreign Banks operating in New Zealand
5.4 Papua New Guinea
5.5 Solomon Islands
6 International institution
Great Chagos Bank
The Great Chagos Bank, in the Chagos Archipelago, about 500 km South of the Maldives, is the largest atoll structure in the world, with a total area of 12 642 km². There are seven or eight individual islands on the rim of the atoll, one in the North (Nelson's Island) and the others on the Eastern rim. The total land area of the islands is about 4.5 km². The Atoll is administered by the UK.
The individual islands, starting in the South clockwise, are:
Danger Island (slightly more than 2 km long from North to South, up 1 km wide, land area 0.66 km², vegetated with palm trees up to 12 m high, Strict Nature Reserve since 1998)
Eagle Islands
Ile Aigle (Eagle Island, vegetated with high coconut trees, land area 2.45 km²
Cow Island (Ile aux Vaches, vegetated with trees, land area 0.18 km², Strict Nature Reserve since 1998)
Three Brothers (Trois Fréres) and Resurgent Islands (vegetated with high coconut trees, land area 0.4 km², Strict Nature Reserve since 1998)
Ile du Sud (South Island, largest of the group), 0.23 km²
Ile du Mileu (Middle Island), 0.08 km²
unnamed rocky islet
Ile du Nord (North Island), 0.06 km²
Nelsons Island (2 km long from East to West, up to 1 km wide, land area 0.81 km², 3 m high, bushy vegetation, Strict Nature Reserve since 1998)
The individual islands, starting in the South clockwise, are:
Danger Island (slightly more than 2 km long from North to South, up 1 km wide, land area 0.66 km², vegetated with palm trees up to 12 m high, Strict Nature Reserve since 1998)
Eagle Islands
Ile Aigle (Eagle Island, vegetated with high coconut trees, land area 2.45 km²
Cow Island (Ile aux Vaches, vegetated with trees, land area 0.18 km², Strict Nature Reserve since 1998)
Three Brothers (Trois Fréres) and Resurgent Islands (vegetated with high coconut trees, land area 0.4 km², Strict Nature Reserve since 1998)
Ile du Sud (South Island, largest of the group), 0.23 km²
Ile du Mileu (Middle Island), 0.08 km²
unnamed rocky islet
Ile du Nord (North Island), 0.06 km²
Nelsons Island (2 km long from East to West, up to 1 km wide, land area 0.81 km², 3 m high, bushy vegetation, Strict Nature Reserve since 1998)
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